Global Alert
A global alert resource represents a query that is periodically run against data sets collected by Calico Cloud whose findings are added to the Alerts page in Calico Cloud Manager. Alerts may search for the existence of rows in a query, or when aggregated metrics satisfy a condition.
Calico Cloud supports alerts on the following data sets:
For kubectl commands, the following case-insensitive aliases
can be used to specify the resource type on the CLI:
globalalert.projectcalico.org, globalalerts.projectcalico.org and abbreviations such as
globalalert.p and globalalerts.p.
Sample YAML
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalAlert
metadata:
name: sample
spec:
summary: 'Sample'
description: 'Sample ${source_namespace}/${source_name_aggr}'
severity: 100
dataSet: flows
query: action=allow
aggregateBy: [source_namespace, source_name_aggr]
field: num_flows
metric: sum
condition: gt
threshold: 0
GlobalAlert definition
Metadata
| Field | Description | Accepted Values | Schema |
|---|---|---|---|
| name | The name of this alert. | Lower-case alphanumeric with optional - | string |
Spec
| Field | Description | Type | Required | Acceptable Values | Default |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| type | Type will dictate how the fields of the GlobalAlert will be utilized. Each type will have different usages and/or defaults for the other GlobalAlert fields as described in the table. | string | no | RuleBased | RuleBased |
| description | Human-readable description of the template. | string | yes | ||
| summary | Template for the description field in generated events. See the summary section below for more details. description is used if this is omitted. | string | no | ||
| severity | Severity of the alert for display in Manager. | int | yes | 1 - 100 | |
| dataSet | Which data set to execute the alert against. | string | if type is RuleBased | audit, dns, flows, l7, vulnerability | |
| period | How often the query defined will run, if type is RuleBased. | duration | no | 1h 2m 3s | 5m, 15m if type is RuleBased |
| lookback | Specifies how far back in time data is to be collected. Must exceed audit log flush interval, dnsLogsFlushInterval, or flowLogsFlushInterval as appropriate. | duration | no | 1h 2m 3s | 10m |
| query | Which data to include from the source data set. Written in a domain-specific query language. See the query section below. | string | no | ||
| aggregateBy | An optional list of fields to aggregate results. | string array | no | ||
| field | Which field to aggregate results by if using a metric other than count. | string | if metric is one of avg, max, min, or sum | ||
| metric | A metric to apply to aggregated results. count is the number of log entries matching the aggregation pattern. Others are applied only to numeric fields in the logs. | string | no | avg, max, min, sum, count | |
| condition | Compare the value of the metric to the threshold using this condition. | string | if metric defined | eq, not_eq, lt, lte, gt, gte | |
| threshold | A numeric value to compare the value of the metric against. | float | if metric defined | ||
| substitutions | An optional list of values to replace variable names in query. | List of GlobalAlertSubstitution | no |
GlobalAlertSubstitution
| Field | Description | Type | Required |
|---|---|---|---|
| name | The name of the global alert substitution. It will be referenced by the variable names in query. Duplicate names are not allowed in the substitutions list. | string | yes |
| values | A list of values for this substitution. Wildcard operators asterisk (*) and question mark (?) are supported. | string array | yes |
Status
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| lastUpdate | When the alert was last modified on the backend. |
| active | Whether the alert is active on the backend. |
| healthy | Whether the alert is in an error state or not. |
| lastExecuted | When the query for the alert last ran. |
| lastEvent | When the condition of the alert was last satisfied and an alert was successfully generated. |
| errorConditions | List of errors preventing operation of the updates or search. |
Query
Alerts use a domain-specific query language to select which records from the data set should be used in the alert. This could be used to identify flows with specific features, or to select (or omit) certain namespaces from consideration.
The query language is composed of any number of selectors, combined
with boolean expressions (AND, OR, and NOT), set expressions
(IN and NOTIN) and bracketed subexpressions. These are translated
by Calico Cloud to Elastic DSL queries that are executed on the backend.
Set expressions support wildcard operators asterisk (*) and question mark (?).
The asterisk sign matches zero or more characters and the question mark matches a single character.
Set values can be embedded into the query string or reference the values
in the global alert substitution list.
A selector consists of a key, comparator, and value. Keys and values
may be identifiers consisting of alphanumerics and underscores (_)
with the first character being alphabetic or an underscore, or may be
quoted strings. Values may also be integer or floating point numbers.
Comparators may be = (equal), != (not equal), < (less than),
<= (less than or equal), > (greater than), or >= (greater than
or equal).
Keys must be indexed fields in their corresponding data set. See the appendix for a list of valid keys in each data set.
Examples:
query: "count > 0"query: "\"servers.ip\" = \"127.0.0.1\""
Selectors may be combined using AND, OR, and NOT boolean expressions,
IN and NOTIN set expressions, and bracketed subexpressions.
Examples:
query: "count > 100 AND client_name=mypod"query: "client_namespace = ns1 OR client_namespace = ns2"query: "count > 100 AND NOT (client_namespace = ns1 OR client_namespace = ns2)"query: "(qtype = A OR qtype = AAAA) AND rcode != NoError"query: "process_name IN {\"proc1?\", \"*proc2\"} AND source_namespace = ns1query: "qname NOTIN ${domains}"
Aggregation
Results from the query can be aggregated by any number of data fields. Only these data fields will be included in the generated alerts, and each unique combination of aggregations will generate a unique alert. Careful consideration of fields for aggregation will yield the best results.
Some good choices for aggregations on the flows data set are
[source_namespace, source_name_aggr, source_name], [source_ip],
[dest_namespace, dest_name_aggr, dest_name], and [dest_ip]
depending on your use case. For the dns data set,
[client_namespace, client_name_aggr, client_name] is a good choice
for an aggregation pattern.
Metrics and conditions
Results from the query can be further aggregated using a metric that is applied to a numeric field, or counts the number of rows in an aggregation. Search hits satisfying the condition are output as alerts.
| Metric | Description | Applied to Field |
|---|---|---|
| count | Counts the number of rows | No |
| min | The minimal value of the field | Yes |
| max | The maximal value of the field | Yes |
| sum | The sum of all values of the field | Yes |
| avg | The average value of the field | Yes |
| Condition | Description |
|---|---|
| eq | Equals |
| not_eq | Not equals |
| lt | Less than |
| lte | Less than or equal |
| gt | Greater than |
| gte | Greater than or equal |
Example:
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalAlert
metadata:
name: frequent-dns-responses
spec:
description: 'Monitor for NXDomain'
summary: 'Observed ${sum} NXDomain responses for ${qname}'
severity: 100
dataSet: dns
query: rcode = NXDomain AND (rtype = A or rtype = AAAA)
aggregateBy: qname
field: count
metric: sum
condition: gte
threshold: 100
This alert identifies non-existing DNS responses for Internet addresses that were observed more than 100 times in the past 10 minutes.
Unconditional alerts
If the field, metric, condition, and threshold fields of an
alert are left blank then the alert will trigger whenever its query
returns any data. Each hit (or aggregation pattern, if aggregateBy
is non-empty) returned will cause an event to be created. This should
be used only when the query is highly specific to avoid filling
the Alerts page and index with a large number of events. The use of
aggregateBy is strongly recommended to reduce the number of entries
added to the Alerts page.
The following example would alert on incoming connections to postgres
pods from the Internet that were not denied by policy. It runs hourly
to reduce the noise. Noise could be further reduced by removing
source_ip from the aggregateBy clause at the cost of removing
source_ip from the generated events.
period: 1h
lookback: 75m
query: 'dest_labels="application=postgres" AND source_type=net AND action=allow AND proto=tcp AND dest_port=5432'
aggregateBy: [dest_namespace, dest_name, source_ip]
Summary template
Alerts may include a summary template to provide context for the
alerts in the Calico Cloud Manager Alert user interface. Any field
in the aggregateBy section, or the value of the metric may be
substituted in the summary using a bracketed variable syntax.
Example:
summary: 'Observed ${sum} NXDomain responses for ${qname}'
The description field is validated in the same manner. If not
provided, the description field is used in place of the summary
field.
Period and lookback
The interval between alerts, and the amount of data considered by the
alert may be controlled using the period and lookback parameters
respectively. These fields are formatted as duration strings.
A duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
The default period is 5 minutes, and lookback is 10 minutes. The lookback
should always be greater than the sum of the period and the configured
FlowLogsFlushInterval or DNSLogsFlushInterval as appropriate to avoid gaps
in coverage.
Alert records
With only aggregations and no metrics, the alert will generate one event per aggregation pattern returned by the query. The record field will contain only the aggregated fields. As before, this should be used with specific queries.
The addition of a metric will include the value of that metric in the record, along with any aggregations. This, combined with queries as necessary, will yield the best results in most cases.
With no aggregations the alert will generate one event per record returned by the query. The record will be included in its entirety in the record field of the event. This should only be used with very narrow and specific queries.
Templates
Calico Cloud supports the GlobalAlertTemplate resource type.
These are used in the Calico Cloud Manager to create alerts
with prepopulated fields that can be modified to suit your needs.
The GlobalAlertTemplate resource is configured identically to the
GlobalAlert resource. Calico Cloud includes some sample Alert
templates; add your own templates as needed.
Sample YAML
RuleBased GlobalAlert
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalAlertTemplate
metadata:
name: http.connections
spec:
description: 'HTTP connections to a target namespace'
summary: 'HTTP connections from ${source_namespace}/${source_name_aggr} to <desired_namespace>/${dest_name_aggr}'
severity: 50
dataSet: flows
query: dest_namespace="<desired namespace>" AND dest_port=80
aggregateBy: [source_namespace, dest_name_aggr, source_name_aggr]
field: count
metric: sum
condition: gte
threshold: 1
Appendix: Valid fields for queries
Audit logs
See audit.k8s.io group v1 for descriptions of fields.
DNS logs
See DNS logs for description of fields.
Flow logs
See Flow logs for description of fields.
L7 logs
See L7 logs for description of fields.